Argument analize 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument analize 3 - Essay Example However, it is a fact that pain and suffering do exist in the world, and its occurrence is beyond our control, for the very concept of God is pre-established in our ontology, for, by definition, we understand God as a benevolent and omnipotent creator. Thus, if God were not benevolent, then there would be no problem of pain and suffering. Therefore, either God is not benevolent or he is not omnipotent, or he is not benevolent and omnipotent. 2. Reconstructing the Argument of Pain The argument can be logically reconstructed as follows: 1. God is the benevolent and omnipotent creator of the natural world 2. If God were benevolent, then pain and suffering would not exist in his creations 3. If God were omnipotent, then he would everything in his power to eradicate pain and suffering. 4. Pain and suffering nevertheless exist as experienced by God’s creations 5. God could not have created pain and suffering, for that would contradict his benevolent and omnipotent nature 6. Therefor e, given that pain and suffering exists, either God is not benevolent or is not omnipotent, or is neither benevolent nor omnipotent. 3. ... Likewise, third premise follows from the first and the second, for if God were omnipotent, then he would use his powers to eradicate pain and suffering, since by nature, God is benevolent. Thus, the third premise is also true. However, things get a bit more complicated come the fourth premise, which states that pain and suffering exist as experienced in God’s creations. As C.S. Lewis explains, this is problematic for the main reason that what we experience as ‘pain and suffering’ in the natural world may not be ‘pain and suffering’ for God. Likewise, what we understand as ‘benevolent and omnipotent’ may not be the same as God’s understanding of ‘benevolent and omnipotent.’ This complexity is exemplified due to structure of our language. We understand good and evil to be two conflicting terms for instance. So the problem of reconciling good and evil becomes a problem only because we understand these concepts to conflict with each other. Based on the problem of pain, it was proposed that it is due to God’s benevolent nature that the problem of pain becomes a problem; that if God were something other than benevolent, then the problem is solved. This is evident in premise five, wherein it was shown that God, who is good, could not have created something that was not good, that is, pain and suffering. It is in this regard that the author concludes that either God’s omnipotence or benevolence, or both, is thus questionable. However, I do not think that this conclusion will suffice, for the transition from premise five to its conclusion misses an important point. This is as follows: Following premise four, premise five states that â€Å"God could not have created pain and suffering, for that would contradict his

Brief History of Istanbul Essay Example for Free

Brief History of Istanbul Essay Evidences obtained from archaeological remains indicate that people began to inhabit the proximities of contemporary Istanbul for approximately thousands of years ago. At about 5000 B. C. , a thick and sprawling population of individuals inhabited the fertile grounds of Istanbul. The Greek people all the way from Megara and Miletus started to rest upon the soils situated along the coasts of the Black Sea as well as the Bosporus back in the latter years of eight century B. C. The year 660 B. C. witnessed the colonization of Byzantium by Byzas, the founder of the colony whose origins trace to Megarian roots. As expected, the name of the colony was patterned after his name. Due to the strategic location of Byzantium, it easily gained dominance over the region in terms of economy which eventually led to the attention of numerous would-be conquerors. Along the path of the Golden Horn, Byzantium was founded which bestowed it with the most suitable harbour all-over the region. The agricultural prosperity of Byzantium can be largely attributed to the abundance of fish as well as the surrounding countryside which was fertile enough to support plants for agriculture. Next to Byzantium, a safe harbour was efficiently provided for by the inlet of the Golden Horn which was near Bosporus. This area was considered as a major maritime route back in those times as it linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. Byzantium eventually found itself struggling amidst the powers trying to conquer and dominate over the city—Persians, Greeks, Spartans and Athenians all drew their swords and took away lives for the sake of taking the city under their control. Such was the major importance of Byzantium during those times where its prosperity was seemingly beyond imagination. Even the Gauls attacked the city during the third century and in 202 B. C. the city sought the help and protection from Rome after being taken over by Macedonians. Eventually, the city was absorbed as a vital part of the Roman empire back in 73 B. C. During 196 A. D. , the city was caught on the wrong side after the creation of a power struggle in the Roman empire. As economically powerful as Byzantium may seem, it was not able to respond and resist the struggle which eventually trickled down the capabilities of the cities as it paid dearly. A large number of the residents were murdered as well as a significant portion of Byzantium was obliterated through the leadership of the Roman emperor Septimus Severus. Apparently, the Rman emperor had to rebuild the entire city starting off with the ruins as the wake of the power struggle. In the process, Byzantium was able to manage itself and continue to progress amidst threats and occurrences of civil wars as well as rebellions which smothered all-over the Roman empire through the many years to follow. However, Constantine I routed his foe, emperor Licinius, on September 18, 324. Constantine I was able to unify the broad territory of the Roman empire and made it follow his leadership. The Roman empire eventually made Byzantium as the prime capital of the region which extended to as far as three continents. Byzantium eventually gained a new name—Constantinople—after being briefly known as the New Rome named in honor of Constantine who was the first Roman ruler to embrace the doctrines of Christianity. During its time, Constantinople gained much reputation and wealth making it one of the world’s most economically advanced cities. The city was almost untouchable in status, having the power to dictate the doctrines of the Christian religion and to amass huge amounts of wealth up until the eleventh century. As the meeting points between the East and the West became largely attributed to Constantinople, it was no surprise that all roads were now focused on the wealthy city of Constantine. In 395 A. D. the whole of the Roman Empire was divided into the West and the East especially after the death of Theodosius. The Eastern Roman Empire adopted Constantinople as its central city or capital which was later referred to as the Byzantine Empire as a reminder of its brilliant past. Through the course of time, Constantinople further advanced as the core of the Greek Orthodox Christian realm. With its immense financial resources, the wealth of the Byzantine Empire gave it the capacity to transform Constantinople as a beautiful city far beyond compare. The splendour and majesty of Constantinople is perhaps owed to the well-paid architects who designed majestic churches and splendid palaces as well as artists and sculptors also contributed a large fraction of the city’s aesthetic transformation. One notable structure ever to be erected is the hippodrome which could hold more than a hundred thousand spectators. Eventually, the walls of the city were further built into a seemingly impenetrable protective layer as threats of invasion from rivalling forces never dwindled. Almost half million citizens inhabited Constantinople under the rule of Emperor Justinian from 527 to 565 A.  D. The Emperor took full control of the creation of some of Constantinople’s most majestic buildings which include the Haghia Sophia, one of the largest churches during the height of the prosperity of Constantinople. The Byzantine empire’s capital reached its full blom under the helm of Emperor Justinian. Even though Constantinople continued to supplement its wealthy advancement with protective measures, enemies from the outside were inevitably attracted to the splendour of the city. A few years after, the city was devastated with a plague in 542 A. D. which claimed the lives of three of every five citizens. This, unfortunately, brought the beginning of the city’s fall. As the city weakened in terms of its population both in size and strength, the enemies of Constantinople took the opportunity to besiege the city. Apparently, the enemies were unable to successfully conquer the city as the walls of Constantinople proved impenetrable. Attacks on the city mounted between the seventh and eleventh century A. D. which include forces from Persian Sassanids, Bulgars, Avars, Russians, and Muslim Arabs. At the time of the Fourth Crusade, the Latins were able to break the walls of Constantinople and captured the capital of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 A.  D until 1261 less than a century of captivity when the Byzantine forces reclaimed the capital. At the height of captivity, however, Constantinople was greatly diminished in terms of wealth and infrastructure as the invading forces plundered precious jewels and any other item they deemed were of sufficient value. The entire population diminished to half a hundred thousand during that time, and the citizens suffered greatly from famine. In 1396, the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople and built a fort on the Asian side of the Bosporus Sea in order to hinder aid from reaching the city. However, the capital would not fall for a few more years. On the 29th day of May, the Ottoman leader Mehmed was able to tear down the city walls and penetrate the city which ultimately signalled the fall of the era of Constantinople’s Christian church and the commencement of Muslim rule over the land. Apparently, the Muslims transformed the Haghia Sophia into a Muslim temple. In 1457, the capital of the Byzantine Empire was already known as Istanbul which later became the central point of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed began to repopulate the city after the siege and within a few years time, Istanbul gained a considerable increase in population, roughly amounting to approximately 50,000 inhabitants. Ottoman Istanbul was able to achieve its peak during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent, and perhaps the most notable buildings ever to be erected during those times, roughly amounting to 300 buildings, were the creations of chief architect Sinan. These efforts to restructure Ottoman Istanbul were significant as it signalled the dawning of a new Istanbul, one which is uniquely Ottoman in identity. Throughout time, Ottoman Istanbul opened its doors to the outside world in order to obtain a harmonious relationship with the other cities and states. This resulted to the expansion of the city’s population, now having a mixture of different races such as Jews, Christians, Armenians and other citizens. Influence on Ottoman Istanbul rule was apparently being influenced by many different forces from these races. Eventually, Istanbul became influenced with the modernization of the world. Europeans began to build a railroad system which connects the whole continent with Istanbul by the 1870s. As a result, the Ottoman empire became placed under the debt of European powers. These would later result to power struggles from within the empire, complicated all the more by the struggling influences from the Europeans to whom they were indebted with. In consequence, these developments in the Ottoman empire especially in Istanbul uring the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries would signal the downfall of the Ottoman empire and would mark the commencement of the Turkish Republic. Today, Istanbul remains as a fervent reminder of how a city once so powerful became so absorbed into the desire for power which led to its own subjugation and diminishment of power in the following years.

Revolution in France: Who Benefited Most From The Collapse Of The Ancien Regime? :: European Europe History

Revolution in France: Who Benefited Most From The Collapse Of The Ancien Regime? The Ancien Regime (French for Old Order) was the way society was run, in a period in French history occurring before the French Revolution (1789 - 1799). France was ruled by an absolute monarchy (a system where the king was classed as divine - an infallible role) King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The French society was separated into classes or Estates. The first Estate was the Clergy who were extremely rich. There were about 100,000 of these people. They had control over censorship of the press and of educational institutions Their wealth came from the Roman Catholic Church, which was made up of the upper and lower Estates. The upper, Bishops and Abbots who had the authority and the lower, Priests and Monks who had a modest income and had no say in church affairs. The Second Estate was the Aristocracy or Nobility, which was made up of about 400,000 people. They owned 20% of all the land in France and paid no taxes. They were very wealthy and enjoyed a carefree life. Their only grievance was the power that the First Estate held. The Second Estate were the men who held positions in the government. They were also exempt from taxes. The special concern of the Second Estate was to see that the King did not introduce tax reform. They wanted more political power to make sure events like this did not happen. While they denounced the monarchy's absolutism they wanted to set up their own form of it. The third and largest Estate was made up of the Bourgeoisie (educated and privileged middle class) and the Serfs (peasants). The King and the Aristocracy enjoyed parties, banquets and tax exemptions, while the Bourgeoisie and serfs had to pay heavy taxes. Many of the serfs died from starvation and the living suffered under enormous financial hardships. The Third Estate had no success in voting because of the differing opinions about the tax system between them and the Second Estate. The Third Estate despised the privileges of the Second Estate and hated the tax system, which involved only themselves, the majority, paying the heavy taxes. There was a huge need amongst the Third Estate, who represented the 'people' of France for tax reform. The Second Estate worsened this situation because they were determined not to give up their tax concessions. Revolution in France: Who Benefited Most From The Collapse Of The Ancien Regime? :: European Europe History Revolution in France: Who Benefited Most From The Collapse Of The Ancien Regime? The Ancien Regime (French for Old Order) was the way society was run, in a period in French history occurring before the French Revolution (1789 - 1799). France was ruled by an absolute monarchy (a system where the king was classed as divine - an infallible role) King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The French society was separated into classes or Estates. The first Estate was the Clergy who were extremely rich. There were about 100,000 of these people. They had control over censorship of the press and of educational institutions Their wealth came from the Roman Catholic Church, which was made up of the upper and lower Estates. The upper, Bishops and Abbots who had the authority and the lower, Priests and Monks who had a modest income and had no say in church affairs. The Second Estate was the Aristocracy or Nobility, which was made up of about 400,000 people. They owned 20% of all the land in France and paid no taxes. They were very wealthy and enjoyed a carefree life. Their only grievance was the power that the First Estate held. The Second Estate were the men who held positions in the government. They were also exempt from taxes. The special concern of the Second Estate was to see that the King did not introduce tax reform. They wanted more political power to make sure events like this did not happen. While they denounced the monarchy's absolutism they wanted to set up their own form of it. The third and largest Estate was made up of the Bourgeoisie (educated and privileged middle class) and the Serfs (peasants). The King and the Aristocracy enjoyed parties, banquets and tax exemptions, while the Bourgeoisie and serfs had to pay heavy taxes. Many of the serfs died from starvation and the living suffered under enormous financial hardships. The Third Estate had no success in voting because of the differing opinions about the tax system between them and the Second Estate. The Third Estate despised the privileges of the Second Estate and hated the tax system, which involved only themselves, the majority, paying the heavy taxes. There was a huge need amongst the Third Estate, who represented the 'people' of France for tax reform. The Second Estate worsened this situation because they were determined not to give up their tax concessions.

Home Confinement: An Alternative to Incarceration Essay -- Argumentati

Home Confinement: An Alternative to Incarceration      Ã‚   West Virginia state prisons have a maximum capacity of 2,154 inmates; currently they house 2,363 inmates, and more remain in City and County lockups to manage the overflow (West Virginia Blue Book). Home Confinement solves this problem. Reduction of the prison population should be reason enough to institute home confinement, but other reasons do exist. Would you like lower taxes? Home confinement costs much less than incarceration. Do you favor less crime? For certain types of criminals, home confinement has a better rehabilitation rate. Home confinement also differs from incarceration by the fact that it allows the confined person to contribute to society. For all of these reasons, minor offenders, who pose no real threat to society, should be sentenced to home confinement.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The easiest way to solve the overcrowded prison problem is, simply, not to arrest so many people. That will never happen as it cannot be justified. Another alternative, to build more prisons or add on to existing ones, will cost a great deal. Home confinement is the best solution; the offender does not take up space in prison and can hold a job or take care of familial obligation. If a prisoner is under house arrest, it seems nothing prevents him from escaping. In most cases, flight is not a viable option for the home confined. Their sentence is usually light and the re... ...se two counties realize great success with these endeavors, encouraging others to follow.       Works Cited Ball, Richard A., Huff, C. Ronald, Lilly, J. Robert. House Arrest and Correctional Policy: Doing Time at Home. California: Sage, 1988. "Good Idea, In Spades." Editorial. The Herald Dispatch 26 Sept. 1998: 6A. "Home Confinement Proves Effective in Dollars and Sense." March 1997. Available at  Ã‚     http://www.uscourts.gov/mar97ttp/homeprob.htm. McCarthy, Belinda R. Intermediate Punishments: Intensive Supervision, Home Confinement and Electronic Surveillance. New York: Criminal Justice Press, 1987. West Virginia Blue Book. Holmes, Darrel E. Ed. Charleston WV: Chapman, 1997      

Use Of Alcohol By Adolescents Health And Social Care Essay

This papers chiefly contains the inside informations of the intoxicant usage among the grownups and it besides contains the cultural, ethical, economical facets of intoxicant usage by the underage childs. It discusses in item different schemes to command intoxicant usage among striplings and it besides the possible positive and negative results of the scheme adopted. Furthermore It discusses the composite scheme for intoxicant control.Rearing manners and usage of intoxicant by the striplingsThe households of about four 1000 of under 18 old ages old kids were teamed into four groups ( of which two groups were more important, one was indulgent, other was inattentive ) .These groups were formulated on the footing of the kids evaluations of their parents in two types: acceptance/involvement and strictness/supervision. The childs were so allocated into following sets of consequences: psychosocial advancement, internalized hurt, school achievement and job public presentation. Results sugge st that kids who consider their parents as more of undemocratic ( important ) are good in psychosocial competency and worst in psychological and behavioral disfunction ; the wholly opposite is the instance for kids who accept their parents as inattentive. Adolescents whose parents are characterized as autocratic are more submissive and more obedient but have comparatively less self-conceptions as comparison to other childs. However, kids from indulgent places have more assurance but have a higher frequence of substance abuse, have bad behavior and are less engaged in school. ( sussie D.Lamborn, 1991 ) The nexus between rearing manner and kids intoxicant and other alcohols use, means intoxicant and baccy usage, was observed at the same time ( at age 14 ) for licit drug usage and longitudinally ( from age 14 to 17 ) for both licit and illicit drug usage in a group of 347 young person who were tested from schools in Reykjavik, Iceland. Results verified that kids who are of the position that their parents are more of control of them were able to predate intoxicant and were protected from intoxicant than the kids who consider their parents as inattentive. ( Sugrun Adalbjarnardottir, 2001 )Disadvantages of intoxicant usage by adolescentsThe diseases that could go on due to intoxicants are pancreatic, liver harm, and actual shrinking, certain malignant neoplastic diseases of the encephalon. There are besides multiple short-run hazards are associated with the usage of intoxicant among adolescents but the professionals are concerned about crisp rise in adolescent intoxicant maltreatment an d the possible negative wellness effects. Harmonizing to describe issued by the British medical association entitled â€Å" Alcohol and Young people † there was a uninterrupted addition among the11 to 15 old ages old kids who drink alcohol day-to-day, but there is an addition in the sum they are imbibing on each juncture.Effectss on encephalon developmentResearch workers besides believe that during the adolescent age organic structure passes through important alterations. It is a clip when immature people start to associate them more with friends and leave their childhood contacts beyond. They want to set them in the societal environment. Exposing the encephalon to alcohol during this period may set an obstruction to of import procedures of encephalon development can do cognitive harm or farther imbibing. More intoxicant at one clip could do in a sickness emesis, reeling, dual vision, and an feeling of the room spinning. Harmonizing to one study issued by US authorities, named Prevention Alert and adolescent intoxicant maltreatment indicated many disadvantages â€Å" Subtle alcohol-induced stripling acquisition damages could damage occupational and academic advancement. In one survey, short term memory accomplishments were evaluated in those striplings who use intoxicant and who do non between the ages of 15 and 16. Those childs who were in greater usage of intoxicant were enduring from memory jobs. ( Adolescent Drug Abuse ) . Many surveies highlighted that memory jobs were most common among heavy users of intoxicant. There are other annihilating effects for striplings who get downing utilizing intoxicant in the early age. It is found that those who use intoxicant under the age of 15 have more opportunities of going once more the user of intoxicant in ulterior portion of their life. Apart from the fact that minor imbibing is against the jurisprudence, it poses a great danger to both the society and single. We will discourse some of the effects of adolescent intoxicant maltreatment.Accidents due to AlcoholMost of the study shows that rate of serious accidents due to alcohol drivers who aged 15 to twenty is twice the rate by intoxicant involved drivers of age 20 one and older ( Adolescent Drug Abuse )SuicideAlcohol normally causes emphasis and depression, which finally causes self-destruction. In one study, it was mentioned that 30 seven per cent of 8th grade misss who drank in big sum tried self-destruction, compared with 11 per cent who did non take intoxicant.Immoral activitiesIn one study about 10 per cent of female high school, pupils reported holding been raped. Research suggests that intoxicant usage largely increase the opportunities of sexual assault by a male. ( Adolescent Drug Abuse )When Alcohol imbibing does happenMost of the striplings, that were int erviewed, were of the position that imbibing occurs most of the clip of depression, anxiousness or to be made them socially acceptable. It has besides been observed that striplings were besides involved in heavy imbibing due to easy entree of intoxicant.Social alteration theoriesMany theories have been presented to protect striplings from utilizing alcohol some of the societal theories are discussed here:Social acquisition theoryThis theory suggests a squad attack for bar against alcohal among persons, communities and households. Team plays a critical function in learning kids to predate the usage of intoxicant ( E M Johnson ) .Development theoryYoung individuals are given self assurance and are motivated to accomplish something in their single community functions so that they are motivated to accomplish something for illustration as a rugger participant etcBehaviour theoryIt focuses more on single and made them recognize that societal norms are really of import and actuate them to predate the usage of intoxicant. ( E M Johnson )Social development theoryIn this theory, positive societal programmes are created which motivate persons to predate usage of intoxicant. ( E M Johnson )Health behavior theoryHealth behavior theory is the based on a individual ‘s Behaviour for bar strategies.. ( E M Johnson )Cognitive disagreement theoryThis theory proposes verbal intervention to set up or strength beliefs and attitudes, assisting immature individual to avoid imbibingHow psychologists can assist to better the job of intoxicant usage among adolescentA psychologist can help th e individual in heightening its motive to predate imbibing A psychologist can handle by measuring the type and badness of intoxicant jobs. This appraisal can supply usher to the drinker about what intervention to follow and assist to actuate the drinker to acquire intervention. Psychologists developed a figure of therapies, some of which are motivational sweetening theory and cognitive-behavioural header theory. These interventions provide 12 Step aid attacks that assist those enduring alcohol related jobs in utilizing self-treatment plans such as Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . These treatement can supply aid to heighten their will power and steer them to halt imbibing, place fortunes that pushes single to get down imbibing, absorb new methods to get the better of extremely risky intoxicant dosage, and develop societal support systems within their societal environment. Some of the cognitive-behavioural analysis found that 50 eight per cent of patients having cognitive-behavioural intervention were far better than other groups. Programs such as Alcoholic Anonymous greatly increased participants ‘ will of halting them from intoxicant. Mostly persons utilizing intoxicant suffer from other mental wellness conditions, such as terrible depression and anxiousness. Psychologists can supply counsel to those patients who are enduring from such sort of diseases. ( Patrick ) Psychologists can besides supply group and household therapies, which frequently are helpful for set uping person-to-person relationships and for work outing jobs of imbibing over the long period. Family relationships pose greater impact on imbibing behavior, for illustration, a kid may affect in imbibing due to careless attitude of parents. The psychologist can assist the drinker and others to go through successfully through these complex phases, aid households to understand job of imbibing and larn how to help household members in recovery, and to seek aid from ego aid groups. ( Prilleltensky.Isaac ) Because a individual may return to imbibing wont, it can be important to hold a sure psychologist. If the drinker is unable to decide intoxicant jobs to the full, a psychologist can assist him with cut downing intoxicant usage and minimising jobs. Psychologists can besides mention a individual to self-help groups. Even after formal intervention terminals, many people continue to seek aid from such groups. Alcohol-related upsets badly amendss working of different organic structure parts like liver, bosom etc. However, the chances for successful long-run job solution are good for people who seek aid from appropriate beginnings. ( American Psychologists Association, 2012 )How the economic experts ameliorate the job of intoxicant usageEconomicss ever contribute vitally to the preparation of intoxicant policy. It operates by specifying and comparing costs and benefits of intoxicant ingestion and related policy intercessions, including excise revenue enhancements. The by and large it is found that people used to take less intoxicant when intoxicant monetary values are high. Monetary value degrees, including excise revenue enhancements, are good tool at commanding intoxicant ingestion. Raising excise revenue enhancements would be in the involvement of society. Economic steps such as monetary value hiking can be helpful in cut downing intoxicant maltreatment and bettering public wellness. Economicss chiefly operates through analysis of cost benefit analysis, nevertheless economic sciences can non run entirely and balance has to be maintained between society good being and single autonomy.Consumption FormsIn united provinces of America Wine, beer all contain ethyl intoxicant in differing sums. A standard drink consists of 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine each of which has about the same sum of ethyl alcohol ( about 0.6 ounces ) . Consumption of ethyl alcohol per individual ( age 14 and over ) increased in early 80 ‘s, and it was about two drinks per twenty-four hours. Average ingestion has declined since so by more than twenty per centum. It was all due addition in monetary values. ( America ) The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse in 1996 worked out that 60 five per centum of grownups had at least one drink during the last 12 months, while 50 per centum drank during the last month. The happening of self-reported imbibing lessenings in in-between age and is much lower for adult females than for work forces. ( J.Moore )Demand for Alcoholic Beverages due to Economicss stepsOne thing that economic experts agree on is that if the monetary value of a trade good is increased, the measure purchased and consumed will diminish, other things being equal. Legal limitations, cultural norms, and regulations imposed by employers and other private organisations on where and when intoxicant can be consumed are all relevant. ( J.Moore )Proposed action for commanding imbibing among grownupsSome Research workers have established semi-structured interviews that provide valid and attested appraisals of intoxicant ingestion and its related intoxicant jobs. ( S.C.Carr F. B. ) These schemes help research workers to measure the graduated table of assorted alcohol-related jobs among college and non-college individuals and to measure their frequence. These schemes help research workers to analyze how alcohol-related jobs fluctuate in reaction to general population tendency, intoxicant bar and plans and new Torahs and policies. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) There are several other attacks, which mostly rely upon the psychological science of persons and demands cognitive therapies. Inner desires of persons of which they are normally incognizant frequently influence behavioral picks. Research in neuroscience and cognitive psychological science has significantly enhanced the capacity to measure the on the topographic point decision-making. Recently, this cognition has been applied to the job of college imbibing. As a consequence, contrivers are planing bar plans that do non presume that every pick college pupils make has been carefully considered before they are implemented. To suggest one action is hard because it would non be effectual so I would wish to advert the hierarchy of action that can be helpful. These are discussed below.Tier 1 scheme ( Based on inquirers given to pupils )Using combination of cognitive-behavioural accomplishments and motivational sweetening intercessions.Cognitive-behavioural accomplishments strives to change an person ‘s operative beliefs and believing about the usage of intoxicant through procedures such as changing anticipations about intoxicant ‘s effects, entering day-to-day intoxicant ingestion, and larning to get the better of emphasis. Norms or values play a critical function in make up one's minding the behavior of the individual in college and universities and if its norms and values are strong so he would be able to command himself and predate the intoxicant usage. It besides depends on the how strongly the values respond to the usage of intoxicant in the society if it reacts strongly the person would surely abstain himself from intoxicant usage. On the other manus, motivational sweetening is actuate the persons from inside so that they can go forth the intoxicant usage. Motivational theories chiefly concentrate on the person because this theory believes that persons are entirely responsible for altering their imbibing behavior formal showing instrument are used to judge the intoxicant ingestion by the pupils. Consequences are documented and pupils receive non-judgmental feedback on their personal imbibing behavior in comparing with that of others and its negative effects. Students besides receive suggestions to back up their determinations to alter.Application of the cognitive behavior and motivational sweetening scheme ( utilizing appraisal based instrument )Motivational sweetening, developed by Marlatt proved to be really effectual in cut downing intoxicant ingestion. The plan was given the name of Alcohol Skills Training Program ( ASTP ) .It is a cognitive-behavioural intoxicant bar plan that teaches pupils basic rules of moderate imbibing and at the same clip motivates them to cut down high hazard imbibing. Controlled experiment surveies show that the ASTP well reduces imbibing rates and associated jobs for both 1-year and 2-year follow-up periods. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 )Scheme: Offer brief motivational sweetening intercessionsIt is besides observed that pupils who receive brief motivational intercessions of 45 proceedingss were successful in cut downing intoxicant ingestion. This scheme can besides turn out successful on get the better ofing inordinate imbibing, commendations for traffic misdemeanors, drive after imbibing and hurts. A utile brief intercession has been established at the University of Washington. This brief intercession for bad drinkers is based on the ASTP plan and is known as the BASICS plan: Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Student.Application of programme ( brief motivational sweetening intercessions )Programme operated in the si gnifier of two stairss. First was to give a pupil ‘s feedback on their imbibing behavior and in 2nd measure they were given the chance to explicate a new program based on the rules of brief motivational intercession. Bad drinkers who attended the BASICS plan significantly reduced both imbibing jobs and intoxicant ingestion rates, compared to command group participants, at both the 2-year follow-up and 4-year follow up appraisal periods. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 )Scheme: Challenging intoxicant anticipations.This scheme operates by altering the outlooks of the pupils and altering their perceptual experiences about sexual attraction and societal attraction.Application of scheme utilizing appraisal based instrumentThe survey conducted to day of the month indicates that the positive effects of this scheme last for up to 6 hebdomads in participants. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 )Tier 2: Evidence of Success with General Populations That Could Be Applied to College EnvironmentsThe undertaking force was formed for the implementing of this scheme. The Task Force recommends that college presidents, pupil and community leaders, campus intoxicant programme contrivers discover the schemes listed below because they have been successful with similar populations. These schemes do non claim to alter the behavior of each pupil, but they can assist alter those facets of the campus and community civilization that support excessive and underage intoxicant usage. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 )Scheme: Increased enforcement of minimal imbibing age TorahsThe minimal legal imbibing age ( MLDA ) jurisprudence is the most good instrument in commanding the intoxicant ingestion. The legal age for purchase and ingestion of intoxicant has proved successful in this respect. It non merely mitigates alcohol ingestion but besides decreases the fatal accidents caused due to alcohol ingestion. Surveies indicate that policie s should be implemented persistently otherwise, they will turn out unsuccessful. Enforcement of these policies should be implemented specifically conformity cheques on retail intoxicant outlets-typically cut down gross revenues to bush leagues by at least half. Attempts to cut down the usage of bogus age designation and prohibition on â€Å" place bringing † of intoxicant may besides helpful in accomplishing the coveted consequences. Scheme: Execution, increased promotion, and enforcement of other Torahs to cut down alcohol-impaired drive: Fatal accidents and related hurts due to alcohol can be overcame by take downing legal blood intoxicant bounds to.08 per centum for grownup drivers, utilizing soberness checkpoints and safety belt Torahs, peculiarly primary enforcement belt Torahs have been the major ground for cut downing traffic deceases and hurts. When California authorities constituted new belt jurisprudence that permits constabulary to halt vehicles and bear down a all right merely because a driver was non belted, safety belt usage rates increased 39 per centum among drivers compared to 23 per centum overall. This indicates that primary enforcement belt Torahs can forestall many alcohol-related traffic accidents. Scheme: Restrictions on intoxicant retail mercantile establishment denseness Different research workers have found that there is nexus between figure of intoxicant licences or mercantile establishments per population between the denseness of alcohol mercantile establishments, ingestion, and related jobs such as force, wellness jobs and other offenses. One survey found that there is higher degrees of imbibing and orgy imbibing among minor and older college pupils when a larger figure of intoxicants was sold within one stat mi of campus. Numbers of stores for alcohol sale may be banned straight or indirectly through policies that make licenses more hard to obtain such as increasing the monetary value of obtaining the licence. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) Scheme: Increased monetary values and excise revenue enhancements on alcoholic drinks. A attested organic structure of research has shown that higher alcoholic drink monetary values or revenue enhancements are associated with lower degrees of intoxicant ingestion and alcohol-related jobs. Some surveies have look at these effects among immature people individually from the general population. Most such surveies have found that immature people exhibit important responses to monetary value or revenue enhancement alterations. The research states that higher beer monetary values mitigates imbibing among U.S. college pupils, but that monetary value is a comparatively weak instrument for act uponing these behaviours among college pupils, particularly among male member of the society. Some surveies have reported that higher revenue enhancements on intoxicant were linked with important decreases in fatal accidents or rummy drive, peculiarly among younger drivers and during dark clip hours. A few recent surveies have questioned these findings. However, ( Young & A ; Liken, 2000 ) found no important effects of beer revenue enhancements in cut downing fatal accidents, either for immature drivers or the general population. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) . Scheme: Responsible drink service policies in societal and commercial scenes Surveies proposed that barmans, servers, and others in the cordial reception industry would welcome written policies about responsible service of intoxicant and preparation in how to implement them decently. Policies could include functioning alcohol in standard sizes, restricting gross revenues of hurlers, restricting service of intoxicant to drunk frequenters, advancing alcohol-free drinks and nutrient, and extinguishing last-call proclamations. Waiters and other staff could have preparation in accomplishments such as decelerating intoxicant service, declining service to drunk frequenters, look intoing age designation, and observing false designation. To forestall gross revenues to minor frequenters, it is of import to endorse designation policies with punishments for disobedience.Scheme: The formation of a campus and community alliance affecting all major stakeholders may be critical to implement these sc hemes efficaciouslyA figure of comprehensive community attempts have been designed to cut down intoxicant and other substance usage and related negative effects among under aged young person, including college pupils, and among grownups and their results demonstrate the possible effectivity of this attack in college communities. For illustration, the Community Trials Program, which focused on intoxicant injury in the general population, resulted in a important diminution in exigency room admittances for alcohol-related jobs.Application of this scheme ( appraisal based grounds )Both this plan and Communities Mobilizing for Change which was designed specifically to cut down imbibing among immature people, resulted in decreased intoxicant gross revenues to bush leagues. In the communities mobilising undertaking individual aged 18 to 20 reduced their wont to supply intoxicant to other teens and were less likely to seek to devour intoxicant. The Massachusetts Saving Lives Program planned to cut down rummy drive and hurrying in the general population, produced comparative diminutions in intoxicant related serious accidents affecting drivers 15 to 25 old ages of age. College presidents, stakeholders, campus decision makers in campus-community alliances include pupil groups, module, community leaders, staff, jurisprudence enforcement, and representatives from intoxicant drink industries. Research shows that promoting community ownership of plans enhances success ( Holder, Saltz, Treno, Grube, & A ; Voas, 1997 ) .Tier 3Scheme: Adopting campus-based policiesThe undermentioned activities are peculiarly appealing because straightforward and comparatively brief ratings should stipulate whether they would be successful in cut downing bad imbibing on a peculiar campus. Programing alcohol-free, expanded late-night pupil activities.A Extinguishing keg parties on campus where underage imbibing is rampant. Reinstating Friday categories and tests to cut down Thursday dark partying, perchance forming Saturday forenoon categories. Using older, salaried occupant helpers or engaging grownups to carry through that function. Reject sponsorship gifts from the intoxicant industry to avoid any perceptual experience that minor imbibing is acceptable. Baning intoxicant on campus, including at module and alumni events. Establishing alcohol-free residence halls.Scheme: Increasing enforcement at campus-based events that promote inordinate imbibingCampus constabularies can transport out surprise topographic point cheques at events and parties on campus to guarantee that intoxicant service is monitored and that age designation is checked. It may be of import for non-students to implement these campus policies. Resident helpers and others charged with developing close supportive relationships with pupils might happen it hard to implement alcohol-related regulations and ordinances systematically and uniformly.Scheme: Increasing promotion about and enforcement of minor imbibing Torahs on campus and extinguishing â€Å" assorted messages. †As discussed antecedently, active enforcement of minimal legal age imbibing Torahs consequences in diminutions in gross revenues to bush leagues ‘ .Enforcement of State Torahs and local ordinances on campus may direct a â€Å" assorted message † to pu pils about conformity with lawfully imposed imbibing limitations. Creative attacks are needed to prove the pertinence of this scheme.Scheme: Systematically implementing disciplinary actions associated with policy misdemeanorsInconsistent enforcement of alcohol-related regulations may suggest to pupils that â€Å" regulations are made to be broken. † To prove the effectivity of this scheme would probably necessitate staff and module preparation, frequent communicating with pupils, and the execution of a research constituent.Scheme: Conducting selling runs to rectify pupil misperceptions about intoxicant usageBased on the premiss that pupils overestimate the sum of imbibing that occurs among their equals and so model their ain behaviour to run into this perceived norm, many schools are now actively carry oning â€Å" societal norming † runs to rectify many of these misperceptions.Scheme: Provision of â€Å" safe drives † plansSafe rides attempt to halt drive after imbibing by supplying either free or low-priced transit such new wave birds and taxis from popular pupil locales or to their finishs. Safe drives are normally limited to pupils, module, staff, and a limited figure of â€Å" invitees. † Safe rides patrons frequently include student wellness Centres, Greek Councils, Mothers Against Drunk Driving chapters, and other local community organisations, concerns, campus constabulary and authorities.Scheme: Regulation of happy hours and gross revenuesMany bars near campuses attract pupils by advancing drink specials ( such as two drinks for the monetary value of one or adult females drink for free ) limitations on happy hours have the possible to decrease inordinate ingestion off campus. If colleges and universities have a accredited constitution on campus, drink specials could be restricted or publicity of alcohol-free drinks and nutrient specials could be encouraged. Campus that operates without any licence and service intoxicant, ev ent contrivers could choose to restrict the sum of free intoxicant that is available and extinguish all self-service. Schools could besides restrict intoxicant usage to weekends or after regular category hours in an effort to divide imbibing from activities more closely associated with the premier academic mission.Scheme: Informing new pupils and their parents about intoxicant policies and punishments before arrival and during orientation periods.It has been noted that many pupils begin imbibing to a great extent during first six hebdomads. Giving consciousness to parents and pupils to this possibility early on ( e.g. , through pre admittance letters to parents and inclusion of information in orientation Sessionss and in presidents ‘ and pupil leaders ‘ welcoming addresss ) may assist halt the development of jobs during this critical, sensitive period.Commercially available intercessionNumerous intercession merchandises are available commercially and may include schemes described in this study. However, the current organic structure of equal reviewed appraising research is deficient to let nonsubjective appraisal of their efficaciousness among college age populations. Such plans were needfully excluded from the Task Force Report ‘s evidence-based hierarchy of bar schemes. Additional research may good set up grounds of efficaciousness for some or all of these plans. In the interim, if colleges and universities implement one or more of these plans, the Task Force strongly recommends that thorough plan rating be implemented every bit good, with careful attending to measuring plan effects in relation to plan costs and easiness of execution. As with any rating, it is necessary that both positive and negative findings be disseminated widely, through publication in peer-reviewed diaries when possible.Criticism on the intercession attackThe Task Force makes out that it is hard or impossible to â€Å" turn out † that a specific intercession att ack is universally unproductive. However, when there are dependable findings across a broad assortment of well-designed surveies, it is possible to reason that an attack is non likely to be utile and that limited resources should be used in other ways. Additionally, if there is strong grounds that an intercession attack is really harmful or counterproductive, recommendations non to utilize it can be made based on fewer surveies. The Task Force besides notes that some intercessions may be uneffective when used in isolation, but might do an of import part as portion of a multi constituent integrated set of plans and activities. However, until there is grounds of a complementary or interactive consequence ensuing from inclusion with other schemes, college decision makers are cautioned against doing premises of effectivity without scientific grounds.Scheme: Informational, knowledge-based, or values clarification intercessions about intoxicant and the jobs related to its inordinate usage, when used entirelyThis scheme is based on the premise that college pupils greatly use intoxicant because they lack cognition and an addition in cognition would take to a lessening in usage. Although educational constituents are built-in to some successful intercessions, they do non look to be effectual in isolation. Despite this grounds, informational/educational schemes are the most normally utilised techniques for separately f ocused bar on college campuses. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 )Scheme: Supplying blood intoxicant content feedback to pupils.It could be used as portion of a research rating or to deter pupils from driving while under the influence or go oning to imbibe past poisoning. Supplying this information to pupils who are imbibing must be approached with attention. If feedback is to be provided in realistic scenes, the process should be carefully monitored for unfavorable effects and adjusted as necessary. ( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 ) Table I and II are added in AppendixPositive and negative results of the attack ( Criticism on the overall attack )The attacks used above to counter the intoxicant usage among the striplings might be really effectual and it may diminish the usage of intoxicant among the striplings but one thing that is really much under treatment is that single autonomy might be at hazard. Intervention by the psychologists or other decision makers may impact believing abilities of the striplings and it may impair their other abilities as good. It may besides resentment among those who are involved in the concern of intoxicant merchandising and purchasing. Another result of this attack might be that pupils might be overloaded with work as we discussed early that Saturdays and weekend should acquire pupils busy so that they can non imbibe. Third, any attack can non be successful until and unless parents does non acquire boycott them the usage of intoxicant. As a consequence, the parents would besides experience force per unit area to boycott intoxicant, otherwise their kids will copy them. However, this attack looks comprehensive overall and it may promote striplings to predate the usage of intoxicant.Family schemes adopted by some New York householdsSeveral beginnings have suggested household engagement as of import for the success of alcohol bar schemes. Family factors, such as parent-child relationships, subject methods, communicating, supervising and monitoring and parental engagement, can significantly act upon intoxicant usage among young person. Some of the New York households were confronting jobs due to alcohol usage by their striplings. Therefore, research workers advised them to utilize household schemes to undertake these jobs. So the household strategies they used are discussed below: Home-based parent-child activities ; household skills preparation ; behavioral parent preparation ; and behavioural household therapies were used. Reviews of household accomplishments developing indicated that sweetening of the following parenting accomplishments is of import for the bar of intoxicant usage. Bettering parent-child dealingss by utilizing positive support, listening and communicating accomplishments, and job resolution. ( L.Culbertson, 2010 ) Supplying consistent subject and rulemaking Monitoring kids ‘s activities during adolescence Strengthening household bonding. Assorted surveies have identified several constituents that contribute to the success of household based bar intercessions. One major constituent is a focal point on accomplishment development instead than on simple instruction about appropriate parenting patterns. Another of import constituent is the engagement of both parents and kids in single and group preparation Sessionss. Several surveies have found that parent and household preparation plans both improve parenting accomplishments and cut down job behaviours among kids. ( Diaz, 2000 ) A less intense household engagement attack is based on including parents in prep assignments around issues of intoxicant usage, thereby increasing the likeliness that intoxicant, baccy, and other drug usage is discussed at place, and potentially heightening rearing accomplishments by increasing communicating between parent and kid and supplying behavioural tips to parents. ( Kelli A.Komro )Pattern of Alcoholism in Different cultural groups including Jews in AmericaBerkeley ‘s Alcohol Research Group has carefully explored the demographics of intoxicant troubles in the U.S. One sole determination was that in conservative Protestant parts and dry parts of the state, which have low overall intoxicant ingestion, orgy imbibing and related jobs are common. Similarly, research at the Rand Corporation found that the parts of the state with the lowest intoxicant ingestion and highest abstention rates, viz. the South and Midwest, had the highest incidence of intervention for alcohol addic tion. ( Stanton Peele ) Meanwhile, cultural groups such as Judaic and Italian-Americans have really low abstention rates ( under 10 per centum compared with a 3rd of Americans at big ) and besides modest serious job imbibing. Psychiatrist George Vaillant found that Irish-American work forces in an urban Boston population had a rate of intoxicant trust over their life-times 7 times every bit great as those from Mediterranean backgrounds ( Grecian, Italian, Judaic ) . These findings are readily apprehensible in footings of different forms of imbibing and attitudes towards alcohol in different cultural groups. Harmonizing to Vaillant, for illustration, â€Å" It is steady with Irish civilization to see the usage of intoxicant in footings of black or white, good or evil, drunkenness or complete abstention. † In groups that demonetize intoxicant, any exposure to alcohol carries a high hazard of surplus. Therefore, inebriation and misbehavior become frequent, about accepted, results of imbibing. On the other side of the coin, the civilizations that view alcohol as a normal and enjoyable portion of repasts, jubilations, and spiritual ceremonials are least tolerant of intoxicant maltreatment. These civilizations, which do non believe intoxicant has the power to get the better of single opposition, disapprove of excess and do non digest destructive imbibing. ( Katz, 2003 ) ( Stanton Peele )AppendixTable I( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 )Table II( College imbibing altering the civilization, 2005 )

How to Add Items to a TPopUp Delphi Menu

How to Add Items to a TPopUp Delphi Menu When working with Menus or PopUp menus in Delphi applications, in most scenarios, you create the menu items at design-time. Each menu item is represented by a TMenuItem Delphi class. When a user selects (clicks) an item, the OnClick event is fired for you (as a developer) to grab the event and respond to it. There may be situations when the items of the menu are not known at design time, but need to be added at run-time (dynamically instantiated). Add TMenuItem at Run-Time Suppose there is a TPopupMenu component named PopupMenu1 on a Delphi form, to add an item to the popup menu you could write a piece of code as: var   Ã‚   menuItem : TMenuItem; begin   Ã‚  menuItem : TMenuItem.Create(PopupMenu1) ;   Ã‚  menuItem.Caption : Item added at TimeToStr(now) ;   Ã‚  menuItem.OnClick : PopupItemClick;   Ã‚  //assign it a custom integer value..   Ã‚  menuItem.Tag : GetTickCount;   Ã‚  PopupMenu1.Items.Add(menuItem) ; end; Notes In the above code, one item is added to the PopupMenu1 component. Note that we assigned an integer value to the Tag property. The Tag property (every Delphi component has it) is designed to allow a developer to assign an arbitrary integer value stored as part of the component.The GetTickCount API function retrieves the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since Windows was started.For the OnClick event handler, we assigned PopupItemClick - the name of the function with the *correct* signature. procedure TMenuTestForm.PopupItemClick(Sender: TObject) ; var   Ã‚   menuItem : TMenuItem; begin   Ã‚   if NOT (Sender is TMenuItem) then   Ã‚   begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ShowMessage(Hm, if this was not called by Menu Click, who called this?!) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ShowMessage(Sender.ClassName) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   exit;   Ã‚   end;   Ã‚   menuItem : TMenuItem(sender) ;   Ã‚   ShowMessage(Format(Clicked on %s, TAG value: %d,[menuItem.Name, menuItem.Tag])) ; end; Important When a dynamically added item is clicked, the PopupItemClick will be executed. In order to differentiate between one or more run-time added items (all executing the code in PopupItemClick) we can use the Sender parameter: The PopupItemClick method first checks if the Sender is actually a TMenuItem object. If the method is executed as a result of a menu item OnClick event handler we simply show a dialog message with the Tag value being assigned when the menu item was added to the menu. Custom String-In TMenuItem In real-world applications, you might/would need more flexibility. Lets say that each item will represent a web page - a string value would be required to hold the URL of the web page. When the user selects this item you could open the default web browser and navigate to the URL assigned with the menu item. Heres a custom TMenuItemExtended class equipped with a custom string Value property: type    TMenuItemExtended class(TMenuItem)    private   Ã‚  Ã‚   fValue: string;    published   Ã‚  Ã‚   property Value : string read fValue write fValue;    end; Heres how to add this extended menu item to a PoupMenu1: var   Ã‚   menuItemEx : TMenuItemExtended; begin   Ã‚   menuItemEx : TMenuItemExtended.Create(PopupMenu1) ;   Ã‚   menuItemEx.Caption : Extended added at TimeToStr(now) ;   Ã‚   menuItemEx.OnClick : PopupItemClick;   Ã‚   //assign it a custom integer value..   Ã‚   menuItemEx.Tag : GetTickCount;   Ã‚   //this one can even hold a string value   Ã‚   menuItemEx.Value : http://delphi.about.com;   Ã‚   PopupMenu1.Items.Add(menuItemEx) ; end; Now, the PopupItemClick must be modified to properly process this menu item: procedure TMenuTestForm.PopupItemClick(Sender: TObject) ; var   Ã‚   menuItem : TMenuItem; begin   Ã‚   //...same as above   Ã‚   if sender is TMenuItemExtended then   Ã‚   begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ShowMessage(Format(Ohoho Extended item .. heres the string value : %s,[TMenuItemExtended(Sender).Value])) ;   Ã‚   end; end; Thats all. Its up to you to extend the TMenuItemExtended as per your needs. Creating custom Delphi components is where to look for help on creating your own classes/components. Note To actually open up the default Web Browser you can use the Value property as a parameter to a ShellExecuteEx API function.

Advantages of Internal Hiring

Advantages of Internal Hiring In their efforts to reduce their hiring costs and increase their employees’ success, most organizations are being forced to embrace internal hiring. Currently, this approach is preferred over other approaches owing to its numerous benefits. In the past, companies favored external hiring over internal hiring because it was thought that external hiring added new talent to an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages of Internal Hiring specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, studies indicate that hiring from external source is not only expensive but also ineffective. By embracing this norm, organizations have been able to cut down on advertising costs, recruiting costs, and expenses used in training new employees. This paper seeks to highlight advantages gained by an organization when it adopts internal hiring. According to business researches, internal hiring is the most efficient and appropriat e way of filling organization’s vacancies. Through this approach, an institution can reduce its recruitment costs and orientation training expenses and time. When an organization embraces this approach, its employees are given priority to fill the existing vacancy. By doing so, an organization offers its employees with abilities to advance their career through regular training. As a result, employees can progressively develop and advance their careers. Through career advancement, workers’ morale will be enhanced enabling them to dispense their knowledge and capabilities effectively. Equally, by improving on the workforce’s morale an organization can increase its productivity leading to an increase in returns. Internal workers have no external offers, therefore an organization can easily agree with the existing employees on their remunerations, allowance packages, and conditions of vacancies. Through this, an organization can save on time, which could have been s pent on negotiations. Similarly, recruiting from external necessitates that an organization allocates time to advertise new vacancies, review job applications, hire recruiters, and organize job interviews. However, through internal hiring approach, the entire recruitment procedure can be reduced. Existing employees’ information can be accessed with ease from a database.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, to enhance the smooth operation of their companies, employers should adopt internal hiring over external hiring. As such, internal workers adapt faster to changes in an organization than external workers. Similarly, through internal hiring an organization can safeguard its traditions and confidentialities. An organization is at a higher risk of compromising its privacy through external workforce than through internal workforce. In this respect, exter nal recruits than internal recruits would compromise on the organization’s secrets such as annual returns, chemical formulas, processing formulas, workers’ payroll, and medical records. This confirms why companies such as Coca Cola have resorted to giving priorities to internal employees. In conclusion, all companies should acknowledge that internal hiring offers them a chance to reduce recruitment costs, enhance employment security, cultivate a good working culture with their employees, and enhance cohesiveness and good relations among the employees. In this regard, it would be appropriate for companies to give priority to the internal workforce over external workforce to enhance their operation and increase their profits. For instance, in the last decade, most of the Chinese and Indians companies have experienced stiff competition from other firms due to their failure to prioritize and maintain their internal trained employees. Through studies and research, it is est imated that from the year 2005 to 2010 many companies and organizations were able to save $20 million from adopting internal hiring over external hiring. Equally, these organizations realized higher returns in the same period.

The Eyes Of An Author essays

The Eyes Of An Author essays As a comparison of both content and the corresponding ways in which both Davis and McNeil fit within the historical paradigm  ¡Ã‚ °Liberalism versus Political Economy ¡ this paper will examine both the viewpoint from which each author writes from, and also build a critical analysis using a common theme from both  ¡Ã‚ °something new under the sun, ¡ and  ¡Ã‚ °Let Victorian Holocausts. ¡ The common theme from each book to be examined will be  ¡Ã‚ °Water ¡ and how water has been exploited by both Liberalistic governments and to exactly the same extent by governments based on Marxism. McNeil ¡Ã‚ ¯s chapter six and Davis ¡Ã‚ ¯s chapter seven will represent the focal points of this paper. Water exploitation in various forms has been crucial in the rise of Western society. It is with this key point in mind that this comparison and corresponding critical analysis will be written. There can be little doubt that the environment has been a critical part of both Liberal history and Political Economy. It is also true that both McNeil and Davis have recognized the political gains available to those with control over the environment. Certainly each author makes the argument that the governments most adept at this environmental exploitation will be the government with the most influence over not only the people within it own borders, but over people in other countries, which governments look to influence. The fundamental differences in the ways that both Davis, and McNeil explore this exploitation, is severe. Davis writes from the standpoint of Political Economy, he is extremely critical of the Imperialistic British governments systematic exploitation of its colonies people. He is passionate about the way the Crown has throughout history taken advantage of the working class by gaining the favor of the elite in each of its colonies. Davis is detailed in his writing about the British Utilitarian needs, and the ways in...

Personal Development and Careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Personal Development and Careers - Essay Example This relates to the first quote specifically by showing that there are a variety of processes which can be used for learning and which lead to changed behaviors. The style and process which is created is based on how one responds to a given situation as well as how this is associated with the learning which they have. The theory by Kolb then creates a psychometric analysis of how one can learn and change behaviors according to the learning style (Ciantis, 1996). When relating this statement to my personal learning style, I can also see the relevance which takes place. The experiences which I have constitutes most of my behaviors and reactions in given situations. For instance, a past job which I had was filled with high pressures, the need to respond to customers in a given manner and continuous ways in which the managers looked at employees to get high – end results. While this particular job was difficult, there was a specific thought process and emotional response which I c arried. The thought process was based on my understanding of the regulations while continuously trying to match them. The emotional responses came from the customers which I was working with and the associations which they had to the regulations that were followed. This instantly changed my behaviors, specifically in given situations. After a certain period of time, these behaviors and patterns were associated with other jobs, relationships with friends and expectations in society, specifically because there was an understanding that these regulations could help to solve problems and achieve compromises in given situations. This not only came from the basic learning and expectations of regulations, but also a... This paper approves that change management is another aspect which relates to changing employee attitudes and the approach which is used within the work space. Without the right attitude, the organization will not be able to go through necessary changes which occur. It is known that the environment is dynamic meaning new trends in society will continuously pressure a business to change. More important, the life cycle of products in a business and the approach to working in the business is also dynamic. The attitude which is necessary with this is to continue to adjust to the alterations which are in the work environment while understanding that the concept of change is required in the work place. This leads to the inability to transform the work environment while hindering the organization because of employee attitudes. This essay makes a conclusion that the specific approach taken with a given environment is based on finding problems, recording the difficulties and in changing the gaps that are within a given area. By doing this, there is the ability to create a more diverse response while approaching specific needs that are a part of the organizational environment. More important, this will help individuals and team members to have less resistance to change while continuing to implement communication methods that help to lessen gaps and to change the organizational environment. The use of communication in the right manner then becomes the main area of importance in assisting with the building of a company from a managerial level.

AIDS in the United States Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AIDS in the United States - Research Paper Example 20 percent of adults have AIDS in seven countries of this area of Africa. The initial slow reaction and lack of concern during the early 1980’s and beyond by the U.S. is clear today. Forty thousand new instances of the disease is reported each year but exactly how many persons are infected is not known because the method intended used to track AIDS is flawed and not likely to be fixed anytime soon. However, the social effect of AIDS has been widely acknowledged. This has served to inform the public and slow the progression of the epidemic but not in the African American community. The continuing proliferation of AIDS is allowed by the lack of appropriate vaccines and the virus’ ability to evolve as it invades, weakens and finally destroys the immune system. HIV, the disease which develops into AIDS, evolves so quickly that its exterior molecules are in a continuous state of transformation; consequently, the human immune system and the vaccines used to battle the virus, cannot catch up. â€Å"As it replicates within a single infected individual, HIV accumulates mutations that change the shape of its surface proteins, evolving right out from under the antibodies produced by the victim’s immune system† (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2007). Due to AID’s capability of evolving at such a considerable pace, it rapidly counters medical treatments. The HIV cells which live beyond the primary drug concoction reproduce and their decedents transmit the drug resistant strain. This is the rationale for a patient’s drug therapy including what is generally called a ‘drug cocktail’ (various types of HIV drugs used together) which, in concert, act to hinder the further development of the resistant (strong) HIV viral strains. If a smaller amount of the resistant cells continue to exist, the less likelihood the disease will continue to spread. This is just one of the primary evolutionary models used by biomedical scientists to battle AIDS. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2007). AIDS made the evolutionary leap from chimpanzees to people. In all likelihood, the transfer happened by people using chimpanzees as a source for meat. The virus began in two varieties of monkeys which were eaten by chimpanzees which may cannibalize when food sources run short. A hybrid virus found in these monkeys (SIV) dispersed via infected chimpanzees and a mutated type (HIV-1) was ultimately transmitted to humans. Just like chimpanzees, people carry two variations of the disease. HIV-2 is the other and the less virulent. â€Å"Because of the similarity between chimpanzees and humans, any virus that successfully adapts to spreading among chimps would be a candidate for a further jump to humans, a potential HIV-3,† according to Paul Sharp, Institute of Genetics at University in England. (cited in Lovgren, 2003). One percent of the Earth’s inhabitants have contracted AIDS. The disease is to blame for killing of nearly three million people every year. AIDS is spread through use of use needles and unprotected sex. There is overwhelming evidence that needle exchange programs (NEPs) are very effective in preventing the transmission of the AIDS viruses yet do not promote drug use as critics of these programs contend. When first presented with this idea, Congress thought that NEPs would encourage drug abuse and they would send the message that the federal government sanctioned drug use by encouraging clean needle dispersal. â€Å"Restricting access to sterile syringes only acts to exacerbate the IDUs already desperate situation and is not in the best interest of the community regarding health, criminal or financial concerns. Free, legal and easily

Why Liberals Should Hate the Hate Crime Legislation Research Paper

Why Liberals Should Hate the Hate Crime Legislation - Research Paper Example It is essential to put into perspective the view that increased penalties for hate crimes are in fact justifiable, with a view to assessing its plausibility. The major reason for having increased penalties for harsh crimes is because, as opposed to regular crimes, hate crimes normally hurt a whole social group (Hurd 215). Whenever an individual commits a hate crime, it is evident that they are not doing it against the victim only, but as a matter of expressing their dislike and contempt for the whole social group. This being the case, therefore, a hate crime is not a crime against an individual, but a crime against a social group, of which, if the perpetrator of the crime could have the ability, he/she would harm the whole group. It, therefore, follows that even when a perpetrator of hate crime would seek to be charged equally with a regular crime perpetrator, doing so would be an injustice to the regular perpetrator of crime since one crime is definitely weightier than the other, ow ing to the number of individuals it hurts. Thus, there is a general agreement that hate crimes are crimes of a higher magnitude compared to regular crimes, in regard to the number of individuals hurt by such crimes, and thus should carry a higher penalty. Even when Hurd disagrees with the higher penalties attached to hate crime compared to regular crimes, there is a general agreement that owing to the number of people hurt by hate crimes, such criminals deserve a higher penalty. The second argument in support for higher penalties for hate crimes is the fact that hate crimes represent significantly greater culpability on the part of the perpetrator (Hurd 216). This is because the committal of a hate crime is a display of a long pre-meditated course of action, as opposed to the inadvertent cause of crimes. This places the perpetrator of such crimes in a more culpable position since those who plan to hurt others are more culpable than those who commit incidental crimes, without any pre -meditation (Hurd 219).

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Case Study Example 15). Nick exhibits many symptoms. †¨ Nick’s behavior definitely seems erratic, dramatic, and emotional. He also seems to have met the symptom of having a grandiose sense of self-importance—which is probably related to his displays of worrying about whether he’s going to be famous or not. His preoccupation with actors and promoting talented people in order to gain fame himself have been eschewed by those in the acting community, as evidenced from the case study. Although Nick does not necessarily exhibit exhibitionism forthrightly, he does have some â€Å"show-and-tell† of his sacred objects in his briefcase. He exuded rage in response to criticism. Nick exhibits exploitiveness within interpersonal relationships to some extent, trying even to manipulate the clinician while he was being seen. Also, Nick exhibits unstable relationship patterns and lack of feeling for others. Without a doubt, Nick definitely exhibits most if not all of the behaviors of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. None of the criteria were really unmet—and, as far as one can tell, Nick is a classic case of NPD. The lack of empathy that Nick displays is quite characteristic of NPD. Differential potential diagnoses that might overshadow NPD would be Bipolar Disorder II, where the client would experience manic highs and depressive lows. Although the patient describes being depressed, he is also very high-strung, which could have a great deal to do with his attitude. He could have a mixed episode, and he might possibly be psychotic—after all, why would someone be wearing a white suit with a rose in the lapel unless he were absolutely, if not totally, disconnected from reality? Carrying around a briefcase full of newspaper clippings and certain items that give him a sense of self-importance is one of the characteristics of NPD, but if one thinks about it,

Comparative Law ( Global Legal Realism as common sense) Essay

Comparative Law ( Global Legal Realism as common sense) - Essay Example eign case studies are generally cited in the local legal discourses within the United Kingdom and Nigeria, despite the existence of home-grown moral realism foundations reflecting the richness of the history of each country. The import of international bodies of law and provisions in both countries is normally regulated by realist and positivist influences. This paper will examine comparative legal culture, the role of realism and positivism in Nigerian and English legal systems. Watt (2006) argued that if comparative researches on law were basically aimed at upholding their consistency in teaching the effect of global developments on the already available local cultures; how they interweave and merge; and their persistence, then the focus of interacting systems should be modified in order to guarantee a higher level of consistency. The researcher seeks to assess the manner in which international comparative law as a faculty is impacted by the influences of globalization, especially the problems which such alterations portend for the procedural interests in comparative legal research and its philosophical commitments in realist and positivism. According to Watt (2006), the English legal culture is more dynamic and thus positivist as compared to the Nigerian realism. As such, the English culture’s predilection of acquiescing to trans-national or international frameworks of uniform law within the EU and intercontinental Treaties is based on empirical pr oofs that being more liberal and having in place similar laws would deliver equally acceptable laws. While Nigerian system is more realist and largely driven by religion and traditionalism, the English system is backed by authoritative knowledge obtained from scholarship, impacts of globalization and to a small extent, indigenous legal cultures. Nigerian positivist legal cultural influences are largely similar to those of the United Kingdom, most probably because the latter colonized the former and made a

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Case Study Example 15). Nick exhibits many symptoms. †¨ Nick’s behavior definitely seems erratic, dramatic, and emotional. He also seems to have met the symptom of having a grandiose sense of self-importance—which is probably related to his displays of worrying about whether he’s going to be famous or not. His preoccupation with actors and promoting talented people in order to gain fame himself have been eschewed by those in the acting community, as evidenced from the case study. Although Nick does not necessarily exhibit exhibitionism forthrightly, he does have some â€Å"show-and-tell† of his sacred objects in his briefcase. He exuded rage in response to criticism. Nick exhibits exploitiveness within interpersonal relationships to some extent, trying even to manipulate the clinician while he was being seen. Also, Nick exhibits unstable relationship patterns and lack of feeling for others. Without a doubt, Nick definitely exhibits most if not all of the behaviors of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. None of the criteria were really unmet—and, as far as one can tell, Nick is a classic case of NPD. The lack of empathy that Nick displays is quite characteristic of NPD. Differential potential diagnoses that might overshadow NPD would be Bipolar Disorder II, where the client would experience manic highs and depressive lows. Although the patient describes being depressed, he is also very high-strung, which could have a great deal to do with his attitude. He could have a mixed episode, and he might possibly be psychotic—after all, why would someone be wearing a white suit with a rose in the lapel unless he were absolutely, if not totally, disconnected from reality? Carrying around a briefcase full of newspaper clippings and certain items that give him a sense of self-importance is one of the characteristics of NPD, but if one thinks about it,

Romanesque art- art history Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Romanesque art- art history - Coursework Example As a result, the form is a simple Romanesque architecture with two large arches intersecting each other to form a unique pattern. To understand the Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art, it is necessary to critique different books which will illuminate on the effectiveness of the books in expounding on Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art. It is imperative to critique the literature on the zodiac in pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art by analyzing the sorts of artworks used, the circumstances under which they were used, their physical arrangement and the related subjects. The most common construction material in the Romanesque period was stone which was constructed into a multi- storey entrance faà §ade that appeared to have a geometrical inspiration. Typical structure had huge vaults and arches. The reason for analysis of Romanesque art using the churches is because the structures designed for Romanesque churches were different from other buildings which were being set up at that time (1). For instance, other structures never used vaulting for large structure but only for structures that were relatively small scale. However, the Romanesque churches utilized masonry vaulting that entailed massive barrel vaults which made it mandatory to provide reinforcement necessary to push the lateral outward thrust on the load-bearing walls. Simona Cohen, The Romanesque Zodiac: Its Symbolic Function on the Church Faà §ade will be used to analyze the Romanesque art, the sculpture and the associated subjects in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of pre-Romanesque and Romanesque art. The Romanesque Zodiac: Its Symbolic Function on the Church Faà §ade is the fifth chapter in his book, Transformations of time and temporality in Medieval and Renaissance art. The book has been presented in a rather simple way with a blend of literature and art. The art used in the book are the

Childcare Essay Example for Free

Childcare Essay Birth-12 months- Babies will begin to smile at adults especially at their careers. Will gaze at faces and will copy facial movements. They respond to faces and voices of familiar people around them, they are still shy around strangers but enjoy affection from their careers. They enjoy being held, cuddled and tickled by adults. They will start to talk using babble noises. â€Å"Temper tantrums† may have started. They start to become more demanding and assertive and can express rage at being told ‘no’, they have no idea of sharing and a strong sense of ‘mine’. 1-2years- Are becoming aware of others around them, they may begin to start to display attachment and anxiety separation from carers and adults they are close to. They will begin to start exploring their environment knowing there is a familiar adult nearby for reassurance. As they develop they can start showing signs of emotions e. g. when another child cries they may start crying as well, when another child smiles at them they will smile back. Are very possessive of toys they may have and find it hard to share. Play becomes more fun with other children, and they will mostly be cooperative. They may start to display temper tantrums. 2-3 years-Children will begin to learn about relationships and will start to seek others to share in their experiences and for reassurance. They tend to find it hard to control their feelings especially when they are excited and frustrated. They tend to still look for adults for comfort if they are upset. They are starting to become more independent in things they do. 3-4years- children will begin to social with in a group of children and began to play cooper actively some of the time. They began to take control of their toilet needs and become more independent in the in self-help. They are starting to develop own feelings and start to show empathy towards others. Most children will have started school at the age 4 and will be enjoying their independence. 5-7years-Children will become independent by dressing and undressing themselves. Begin to choose own friends. They start to understand rules and boundaries and like to have structure and routines. They will seek out adults for approval and praise. They have good sense of when other children are upset or sad. Their social skills will be growing as play becomes more cooperative with other children as they enjoy turn taking. They will have a developed a good sense of self-awareness both positive and negative. They now know the difference between right and wrong. Progression towards teenage years- They are a lot more independent in what they do and become less reliant on others. They begin to form good relationships with others and are more aware of their gender. They begin to understand what behaviour is acceptable and what is unacceptable and have a strong sense of what is right and wrong. They are beginning to what their own privacy. They become more concerned of what other people think of them and can often become unsure about new changes. 13-19 years- Become more self-motivated within themselves. Need a lot more reassurance as they start to approach adolescence/puberty, do not appreciate that parent’s get involved in how independent they become as they get older. Mood swings and confrontation become more apparent. Will start to engage in new friendships especially as they progress to further education in a new environment. Becomes more self-conscious about their appearance and social status. Will begin to engage in more adventures activities but may be aware of the forth coming actions due to their involvement. Will begin to think things through before undertaking the action and are more independent in their decisions and intellectual interests. They begin to set goals for their future in education/employment but still worry about failure. Language Birth-12 months-Will communicate with others in different ways such as crying, babbling and squealing and will use their vocal voice and enjoy vocal play alongside adults , will use gestures such as putting arms up to be picked up, when talked to from a familiar person will make own sounds in response. 1-2 years- Speech is starting to develop as they start to respond and understand more words. They are starting to acquire new words on a regularly basis. May start to use one-two word questions and is able to put two words together. 2 years-3years- Will start to become more able to express what they want to adults and start to understand a little more of what adults are saying to them through words and gestures. They will start to extend their vocabulary rapidly up to about 70 words between 1-2 years old; will tend to have conversations with themselves about what they are doing and uses personal words which as they begin to develop their vocabulary and is able to follow one instruction when given by an adult. 3-4 years- Children begin to develop their language skills further by beginning able to say their own name and how they old they are. They begin to have a vocabulary of between 250 words to 500 words and starting to use more complex sentences. Can begin to describe things they are doing and explain why things are happening. 5-7years-Children are becoming to have good communication skills as their conversations and questions they ask become more complex. They are beginning understand the meaning of text and are starting to recognise letters, sounds and words as well as their own written name. They start to understand that one word can mean two things for example orange for fruit and orange as a colour. They are still building on their language in spoken and written form. Progression towards teenage years- They will still be developing their language skills but in a more complex way. Are starting to talk problems through to be able to solve them as their ability to think logically begins to mature. 13-19years- Their language skills are still developing but in a more complex way. Physical Birth-12months- A baby will grow rapidly during their first year of development within weeks a child will begin smiling and will turn the head to respond to different sounds in their environment. They will begin to have a pattern in their own routine for example feeding time and sleep time. On the approach to six months they will begin to roll over from their front to their back and start grasping objects which they will tend to put in their mouth. By 8 months they begin to crawl and by 9 months they begin to start walking. 1-2 years- Most babies will be crawling or possibly still shuffling; they start to pull themselves up on furniture to the standing position to support them to move along from one end to the other. They may start to take a few steps independently or with adult support, they start to become curious about different objects passing toys from one hand to the other , hand eye coordination is developing as they start holding an object in each hand and bringing them together in the middle. They will start to attempt to self-feed themselves with their hands or a spoon and use a cup with two hands. Fine motor skills are developing as they begin to use crayons/pencils in the palmer grasp when mark making. 2-3years- Begins to climb on equipment with confidence, and is able to walk up and down stairs holding onto the rail using two feet at a time. Fine motor skills when mark marking is developing from palmer grasp to tripod grasp as they begin to scribble/draw lines. They have developed the skills to kick a ball and throw a ball, increasingly able to manipulate small objects with hands. They become more independent in their feeding skills as they begin to easily use a spoon and possibly a fork. Potty training will start being introduced as a child begins to control their bowel movements. Bricks will be built into larger towers than before usually with six or seven bricks. 3-4 years- Children are becoming more independent in their choices. Gross motor skills are developing quickly as they begin to run, jump, climb up climbing frames and start to try and ride a tricycles, when mark making will hold pencil between thumb and finger and begins to draw lines and circles and may start to copy some letters from their name. Independence in dressing and undressing has developed and toilet training is more independent. Has more confidence in Self-feeding using a knife and fork. 5-7 years- Children begin to have rapid muscle growth in these years. Pencil control is developing as they start to draw circles, peoples and copying words. Preference for dominant hand is starting to show. Is able to care for own toilet needs independently. Begin to have preferences for likes and dislikes. Dressing becomes more independent as they start to learn how to do buttons laces etc. 7-12 years- They have well established hand eye coordination as mark making skills develop in drawing and printing. They are very active as they start to enjoy team games with other children/adults e. g. hitting balls and chasing each other. Boys begin to engage in a lot of rough and tumble games. The development of girl’s physical development is developing quicker than the boys. 13-19years- These years are classed as the transition from child hood to adult hood (adolescence) as they will start to experience changes in their bodies. The physical development in each child is different at this age as some may just start to mature physically and some may have fully physically matured. Intellectual Birth-12months- babies start to learn through their senses especially by putting things in and out of their mouths. 1-2years- They are still learning through their senses. They start to be curious about things and like to explore objects by using their fingers especially poking their fingers into things and taking things apart. They will start to say the names of familiar objects, people and familiar body parts. Start to use one word sentences â€Å"no† â€Å"bye bye† and starts to enjoy simple songs and rhymes. 2-3years-Are still learning through all their senses, they are still very curious about things in their environment. They are starting to use three to four word senses and start singing simple songs and rhymes. 3-4years- At this age they are still learning through using their senses. Are beginning to use their imagination in play using one object to represent another object and are starting to enjoy role play situations. Begin to start to become more curious and inquisitive about their environment. Has large vocabulary, 1500 to 2000 words as they start to approach the age of 5. 5-7years- children will start to follow instructions by adults and will accept help, although they are still unsure about trying new things if they are unfamiliar with them. Some children may begin to stutter when they get excited to tell someone something or if they are nervous. Colour and number recognition is apparent and may start to write a few letters they recognise. At this age most children are learning to read and write. 7-12years- Children start to have a good attention span and are able to solve more complex problems. Enjoys working hard to complete tasks they are set and enjoys challenging experiences. Are curious about how things work and why things happen. Reasoning and thinking becomes more abstract. They may start to enjoy reading, writing and using books. 13-19years- They start to begin to think logically about concepts. They become more argue mental with others Moral. Birth-12months- Babies do not have moral development at this age. 1-2 years- Are sensitive to adult approval/disapproval, despite tantrums and bursts of anger. No understanding of right from wrong, but starting to understand yes or no. 2-3 years- appears to be independent and self-reliant and wants to be good, but is not yet mature enough to be able to carry out most promises. They are starting to understand the word â€Å"no†, they still do not understand right from wrong. 3-4 years- Is starting to understand right from wrong. They are becoming more self-controlled and less aggressive, and may use extreme verbally threats such as â€Å"I will kill you† without realising the full consciousness. 5-7 years- Is becoming aware of right and wrong; is wanting to be good and please adults but may tell lies to blame others for own wrongdoing because of intense desire to please and do right . 7-12 years- Is very concerned with personal behaviour, particularly as it affects family and friends; May experience guilt and shame. Has difficulty in admitting to mistakes but are becoming more capable of accepting failure and mistakes and are aware of consequences of their behaviour. Is aware of right and wrong; wants to do right. 13-19 years- Understands right from wrong and consciences of their actions. They try to weigh alternatives and arrive at a decision of their own. They are very unlikely to lie and are concerned about how other people are treated. They will experience numerous feelings of anger, sorrow and frustration. They may even be interested in sex as response to physical-emotional urges. 1. 2 Analyse the difference between sequences of development and rate of development and why the distinction is important. Identifying the difference between the sequence of rate and the rate of development of children is important as it helps to identify a child’s ability and helps to meet the needs of individual children. It also enables you to be able to identify any special educational needs and helps you to plan effectively to make sure they are getting the help and support they may need in areas they may have gaps in. Sequencing- means a pattern of development in children but this can vary in each child. The sequence is a definite order of developmental milestones that children meet and accomplish over time as they need to finish one area of development before moving to another developmental stage. e. g. rolling over and sitting up occur before learning to walk, a toddler being able to walk before they can run Rate- Is the speed of which children develop but this may vary greatly in each individual child e. g. a child’s will start to babble before they begin to use words. 1. 3 Analyse the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the pattern normally expected There are many factors which contribute to a child not following the pattern of development disability either physical or mental will make them find it harder to learn the same as another child the same age, resources, facilities, possibly restrictions due to a disability, environment (poverty) due to lack of essential resources needed, emotional problems may cause a child to have lack of concentration or interacting skills, culture how people bring up their children. There are reasons why development may not follow expected patterns they are: †¢ Disability can affect development because if children can’t use certain parts of their body for example they may not be able to use their legs they won’t be able use a climbing frame their physical development won’t be able to develop in the expected way. The nursery or school they attend may not have the equipment needed for the child to achieve their desire to use the climbing frame. †¢ Emotional difficulties can affect expected patterns of development because a child who is not settled into a nursery and does not have solid relationships with the adults in their life are more likely to have low self-esteem and are less likely to try new activities that would help their development. †¢ Environmental factors such as poverty and family could affect a child’s development because if they do not have much money some opportunities such as nursery will not be available. Family could also affect a child because single parents may not have the time and energy to engage and challenge their child to try new things that would help their development. Food may not be as nourishing and nutritious. †¢ Cultural reasons for example girls in many cultures are not given the same opportunities as boys this will limit their development because they are not expected to go to school. †¢ Social factors such as transport could result in development not following expected patterns because parents who don’t drive may have difficulties in getting their children to school regularly which could result in poor attendance so the child could miss out on key factors of their education. Home schooling could also affect children’s social development as they won’t have had many opportunities for social interaction with children their own age which could result in a social delay. †¢ Particular learning needs may affect development because a child having difficulties with reading and writing and they are not receiving the extra help they need is likely to fall behind in school work. †¢ Communication difficulties could result in development not happening in the expected way because children who have a hearing impairment can cause a delay as we learn to speak by listening this could lead on to a speech impairment which may result in children only expressing what they can and not what they really mean. Parents who don’t talk or read to their children will also affect the child’s development. 2. 1 Analyse how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors Family Environment- Family life has the most important impact on children‘s development due to the various family structures and stability each individual child has. Cramped Housing May share a room with several other children, this can lead to cramped spaces for children, not enough room to play, no personal space. Single parents where children may have lack of male/female role models which may cause social stigma. Parents divorcing/separating- This is very stressful on everyone involved, children can become emotionally withdrawn, suffer lack of confidence and can create lack of self-esteem. Working Parents- When parents have to work all week this will leave little room for direct social, emotional and intellectual support. Step families- When children become part of a new step family it may cause friction, hatred and jealousy between the children from each family and children towards their new step parent. This could lead to the child/teenager to become socially and emotionally withdrawn. Health Problems – health problems can be a genetic problem or due to the poor living environment they grow up in. If a child is raised in poor quality housing this may lead to health problems e. g. damp can trigger asthma and other breathing problems, if a child is not getting a good variety of healthy food/nutrition this could lead to health problems. Children who suffer from health problems may miss out on a lot of their education, which could be departmental in the future learning. Learning difficulties – A child with learning difficulties will need extra support in certain areas of development and may develop a low self-esteem because they get annoyed with themselves for not being able to do something, such as a simple numeracy problem, or read a book. A child with language/communication difficulties may find it hard to socialise with other people/children. Disability A child in a wheelchair or with a serious physical impairment would find it hard to do many activities, particularly those that are physically demanding. Gross motor skills would be at a less developed rate than peers and fine motor skills may be affected if the child had little or no control over their limbs. Genetic A baby’s genes are determined at conception. If something is faulty at this stage, this can have a huge impact on the child’s development. This may be physical or intellectual. If a mother takes drugs, drinks alcohol or smokes when pregnant, there is an increased chance of delivering an underweight baby at birth. It can also lead to cognitive problems for the child as they get older . Visual impairment Children who have visual impairment usually have some vision; this can vary from each child. Some children may be able to see outlines of objects while others may only be able to tell the difference between light and dark. If a child has vision problems this nearly always initially delays their physical development. Their gross and fine motor skills would be affected because they would be unable to be as adventurous as children with good vision. Fine motor skills may not be in line with other children as the child would find it hard to do tasks that require precision such as threading beads or colouring. Hearing impairment Hearing is a very important part of learning language and being able to communicate effectively with others. Children will need to learn to speak and listen. Their language and cognitive development would almost certainly be affected, but their social development might be hindered as well. They may speak in a monotone voice and not respond when spoken to. People may start to treat them differently and this might make them feel isolated and secluded from daily experiences 2. 2 Analyse how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors Education- Children deserve the best start in life in education as it will help them become very academic and achieve their full potential. If they are unable to access the resources they need for their education e. g. books, stationary and internet this will hinder their learning and they may not develop as well as those who have the opportunities. Poverty- Poverty effects children’s development in various ways; if they have a poor diet it may cause them to be unfit, lack of energy to be able to concentrate which will affect their progression of development. Children who come from low income families may have fewer opportunities to participate in out of school activities, and have limited access to equipment they may need for their education which will cause lack of motivation. Poor hygiene will lead to low self-esteem in a child as they become paranoid about their appearance and in some cases can lead to bullying. Foster Care- can cause long term effects on children due to lack of stability in their life. They have fewer opportunities to make positive relationships with others. They may be confused about why they are in foster care due to un answered questions. They are more venerable, as they have already had experience of the negative experience of being separated from family. Their self-esteem will be low which will make it harder for them to relate and socialise with others and to form attachments Personal choices- As children begin to develop they start to make personal choices for themselves, the choices they make can have a major effect on their development e. g. starting to smoke, using drugs, drinking, food choices, exercise choices. †¢ Family environment and background. In some homes education is not at the front of their things to do list. We can often see this where the parents/ carers are of a lower educational development. This could also show that there is no support at home as the parents do not understand the required educational elements needed to complete the work. †¢ Personal choices. If a child or young person as decided for what ever reason they do not want to be educated or leave school before they finish their education, this is their choice and we cannot always show them alternative choices for staying at school. †¢ Looked after/ care status. This again could have a huge influence as a lot of looked after children are moved around regularly. This will affect their education enormously. Separation and attachment issues are quite often the cause of many reasons not to want to be in school. This is constantly worked on by schools to find the best way to include these children in school and to be able to give them a good standard of education. †¢ Education. If for example a child has not attended a nursery or play group in their early years this can often set them back from what development stage they should be at when attending school. This could be the lack of nursery places, not good enough teachers to the child having a learning disability that has not been identified yet. †¢ Boyfriends/girlfriends. This is more apparent in young people more than children, but starting and finishing a relationship can be a huge influence on learning. Distracted and even heartbroken pupils will not learn to the same degree as others who are not at that stage. 2. 3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice Maslow- Believes everyone has fundamental needs that must be met in order for people to reach their full potential. The needs include warmth, food and shelter, love, security and self-esteem. His hierarchy needs has five stages which was expanded to include cognitive aesthetic needs. In our setting we ensure the children are well cared for, environment is clean and tidy, and temperature of nursery is at a comfortable level, we provide a healthy balanced diet. Children are allocated a key worker on entry in nursery key worker is responsible for ensuring each child’s needs are meet under the EYFP. Maslows theories of development include Humanist. Bandura – Created a theory that children learn by observing others, they do not need to be taught directly as they will imitate and observe what those around them are doing. This is a natural process and does not require the force of an adult. This learning is known as observational learning. In our setting we have a calm approach to all situations modelling good behaviour. We create an environment where observational learning can take place on a daily basis. Banduras theories including Social Learning. Skinner – Believes that children learn language through principles of conditioning and that they learn words by associating sounds with objects, actions and events. They also learn words by imitating other people. We support this in our setting by having a language rich environment, asking open ended questions, lots of interaction. Skinners theories including Operant Conditioning, Behaviourist and Attachment. Bowlby – Believes that attachment behaviours are instinctive and that early relationships and early experiences with care givers have a major role on development and behaviour and influence how children will react to social interactions with other people. Early attachment were children are secure to main carer will allow the child to have high self-esteem and will enjoy intimate relationships; they will start to have the ability to share their feeling and seek out others for support. We support this in my setting for new starters by introducing them gradually into the setting through visits which will start off with main carer staying with them and then progressing to the child having visits on their own to ensure they feel comfortable in their new environment. Lev Vygotsky- His theory is that children’s development depends on interaction with people and the tools that the culture provides. . He had three different ways cultural tools could be passed from one individual to another. Imitative learning where one person tries to imitate or copy another e. g. when a parent sings an action song and the child tries to copy, Instructed learning which involves remembering the instruction of an adult and then using these instructions, collaborative learning involves a group of peers who strive to understand each other and work together. He believes every new interaction is a learning experience to for children that they must be guided through until they know how to react properly. In our setting staff support this by supporting children who are having difficulty in managing certain tasks. We encourage turn taking and sharing, and provide plenty of opportunities for social interaction with adults and children. Piaget- Believes that children’s cognitive development moves through four different stages of mental development: Sensorimotor birth-2 years were a child recognises self as agent of actions and begins to act intentionally, preoperational 2-7years were they learn to use language and represent objects by images and words. , concrete operational 7-11 years were children can begin to think logically about objects and events and classify objects according to several features, Formal operational 11-adult hood were they can think logically about abstract propositions. He believed all children pass through these phases to advance to the next level of cognitive development. In our setting we encourage a more hands on approach and more relevant tasks for age/stage of development of child. We emphasise strongly on â€Å"child- Imitated† activities and observations to be able to plan for children’s needs. Freud- Believed that our personalities are made up with three parts; the â€Å"id†-is the instinctive part of our personality, the â€Å"ego†- is the planning part of our personality, and the â€Å"superego†- develops later in childhood it is known as the control part of our personality ,which are not all present at birth but will develop as the child develops. Freud theories of develop include Psychoanalytic. 3. 1 Analyse the importance of early identification of development delay Early identification and intervention is the best thing for a child’s long term benefits. Early intervention has a dual effect it helps children develop skills that are expected at their age but it also prevents the child from developing negative behaviours. Being able to identify signs of delay in a child’s development allows practitioner to make swift assessments and to involve outside agencies to make their own observations of the child. It is an important role for a practitioner to know and understand children’s learning and development in order for them to able to identify any early signs. 3. 2 Explain the potential risks of late recognition of development delay Late recognition of development, can lead to problems later on in life for young person understanding or a child being able to express their own feelings, leaving them feeling angry or frustrated and causing them to act out and maybe develop behaviour problems. It can also affect their confidence and self-esteem causing problems building relationships with peers and becoming. 3. 3 Evaluate how multi agency teams work together to support all aspects of development in children and young people Professionals from multi agency bring together all practitioners from different sectors that may need to be involved in working to support children, young people and families. Working with multi agency is a way of ensuring that children and young people who need additional support have exactly the right professionals supporting them. When a child needs additional support the SENCO of a setting will fill in a CAF form with relevant information and concerns about a child which will then be referred to relevant sector to enable team members to share information and support one another so the child’s needs are addressed efficiently and effectively. Regularly meetings are set to discuss the needs of the child or young people to plan for child’s development for example action plans. IEPs and to discuss child’s progress. The involvement of multi-agencies will vary as the needs of children and young people will be very different. What is important is that each person brings with them their own specialist skills, expertise and insight so that the child or young person gets the best support possible. Multi-agency working is a varied number l of services that have the collective aim to provide the best for children and their carers who are in need. The people involved to support a child’s needs could be a social worker, play specialist, early year’s practitioners, educational psychologists, health workers and any person with the ability to step in and help a child when their development is being hindered. Early years settings are more of an integrated working because they offer a cocktail of services within the setting, rather than external services which is multi-agency. England’s government framework, Every Child Matters, lists five outcomes that reinforce the importance of working together to achieve the best outcomes for children. The Early Years Framework also states that when professionals work together the results are better essentially, if all the people involved in a child’s life are aware of what that child needs, then development c